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| Atomic symbol: Zn |
| Atomic number: 30 |
| Atomic weight: 65.38 |
| Atomic volume: 9.2 cm3/mol |
| Density: 7.14 g/cm3 |
| Period Number: 4 |
| Group number: 12 |
| Group name: Trans. Met. |
| Element classification: Metal |
| Phase at room temperature: Solid |
| Melting Point: 692.78 K |
| Boiling point: 1180 K |
| Heat of fusion: 7.322 kJ/mol |
| Heat of vaporization: 115.30 kJ/mol |
| Ionization Energy: 9.394 eV |
| 1st ionization energy: 906.4 kJ/mole |
| 2nd ionization energy: 1733.2 kJ/mole |
| 3rd ionization energy: 3832.6 kJ/mole |
| Electronegativity: 1.65 |
| Electron affinity: kJ/mole |
| Specific heat: 0.39 J/gK |
| Heat atomization: 131 kJ/mole atoms |
| Shells: 2,8,18,2 |
| Electron Shell Configuration: [Ar] 3d10 4s2 |
| Minimum oxidation number: 0 |
| Maximum oxidation number: 2 |
| Minimum common oxidation number: 0 |
| Maximum common oxidation no: 2 |
Appearance & Characteristics |
| Structure:: distorted hcp structure |
| Color: silvery |
| Hardness: 2.5 mohs |
| Toxicity: ? |
| Characteristics: brittle |
| Uses: batteries, galvanizing |
| Reaction with air: vigorous, =>ZnO |
| Reaction with 6M HCl: mild, =>H2, ZnCl2 |
| Reaction with 15M HNO3: vigorous, =>Zn(NO3)2, NOx |
| Reaction with 6M NaOH: mild, =>[Zn(OH)4](2-), H2 |
| Number of isotopes: 5ZnH2 |
| Oxide(s): ZnO |
| Hydride(s): ZnH2 |
| Chloride(s): ZnCl2 |
| Atomic Radius: 134 pm |
| Ionic radius (1- ion): pm |
| Ionic radius (1+ ion): pm |
| Ionic radius (2- ion): pm |
| Ionic radius (2+ ion): 88 pm |
| Ionic radius (3+ ion): pm |
| Thermal conductivity: 116 J/m-sec-deg |
| Electrical conductivity: 169.033 1/mohm-cm |
| Polarizability: 6.4 A^3 |
| Source: Sphalerite (sulfide) |
| Relative abundance solar system: 3.100 log |
| Abundance earth's crust: 1.79 log |
| Estimated crustal abundance: 7.0×101 milligrams per kilogram |
| Estimated oceanic abundance: 4.9×10-3 milligrams per liter |
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(German Zink, of obscure origin) Centuries before zinc was recognized as a distinct element, zinc ores were used for making brass. Tubal-Cain, seven generations from Adam, is mentioned as being an "instructor in every artificer in brass and iron." An alloy containing 87 percent zinc has been found in prehistoric ruins in Transylvania.
Metallic zinc was produced in the 13th century A.D. India by reducing calamine with organic substances such as wool. The metal was rediscovered in Europe by Marggraf in 1746. He demonstrated that zinc could be obtained by reducing calamine with charcoal.
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| The principal ores of zinc are sphalerite (sulfide), smithsonite (carbonate), calamine (silicate), and franklinite (zinc, manganese, iron oxide). One method of zinc extraction involves roasting its ores to form the oxide and reducing the oxide with coal or carbon, with subsequent distillation of the metal. |
Zinc is a bluish-white, lustrous metal. It is brittle at ordinary temperatures but malleable at 100 to 1500C. It is a fair conductor of electricity, and burns in air at high red heat with evolution of white clouds of the oxide.
It exhibits superplasticity. Neither zinc nor zirconium is ferromagnetic; but ZrZn2 exhibits ferromagnetism at temperatures below 350K. It has unusual electrical, thermal, optical, and solid-state properties that have not been fully investigated.
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The metal is employed to form numerous alloys with other metals. Brass, nickel silver, typewriter metal, commercial bronze, spring bronze, German silver, soft solder, and aluminum solder are some of the more important alloys.
Large quantities of zinc are used to produce die castings, which are used extensively by the automotive, electrical, and hardware industries. An alloy called Prestal(R), consisting of 78 percent zinc and 22 percent aluminum, is reported to be almost as strong as steel and as easy to mold as plastic. The alloy said to be so moldable that it can be molded into form using inexpensive ceramics or cement die casts.
Zinc is also used extensively to galvanize other metals such as iron to prevent corrosion. Zinc oxide is a unique and very useful material for modern civilization. It is widely used in the manufacture of paints, rubber products, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, floor coverings, plastics, printing inks, soap, storage batteries, textiles, electrical equipment, and other products. Lithopone, a mixture of zinc sulfide and barium sulfate, is an important pigment.
Zinc sulfide is used in making luminous dials, X-ray and TV screens, and fluorescent lights.
The chloride and chromate are also important compounds. Zinc is an essential element in the growth of human beings and animals. Tests show that zinc-deficient animals require 50 percent more food to gain the same weight as an animal supplied with sufficient zinc.
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| Naturally occurring zinc contains five stable isotopes. Sixteen other unstable isotopes are recognized. |
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