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Atomic symbol: Yb |
Atomic number: 70 |
Atomic weight: 173.04 |
Atomic volume: 24.79 cm3/mol |
Density: 6.98 g/cm3 |
Period Number: 6 |
Group number: none |
Group name: Rare Earth, Lanthanides |
Element classification: Metal |
Phase at room temperature: Solid |
Melting Point: 1097.2 K |
Boiling point: 1700 K |
Heat of fusion: 7.660 kJ/mol |
Heat of vaporization: 128.90 kJ/mol |
Ionization Energy: 6.254 eV |
1st ionization energy: 603.4 kJ/mole |
2nd ionization energy: 1176 kJ/mole |
3rd ionization energy: 2415 kJ/mole |
Electronegativity: 1.21 |
Electron affinity: 50 kJ/mole |
Specific heat: 0.15 J/gK |
Heat atomization: 152 kJ/mole atoms |
Shells: 2,8,18,32,8,2 |
Electron Shell Configuration: [Xe] 4f14 6s2 |
Minimum oxidation number: 0 |
Maximum oxidation number: 3 |
Minimum common oxidation number: 0 |
Maximum common oxidation no: 3 |
Appearance & Characteristics |
Structure:: fcc: face-centered cubic |
Color: silvery-white |
Hardness: mohs |
Toxicity: ? |
Characteristics: soft |
Uses: alloys |
Reaction with air: vigorous, =>Yb2O3 |
Reaction with 6M HCl: mild, =>H2, YbCl3 |
Reaction with 15M HNO3: mild, =>Yb(NO3)3 |
Reaction with 6M NaOH: ? |
Number of isotopes: 7 |
Oxide(s): Yb2O3 |
Hydride(s): YbH2 Yb2H5 |
Chloride(s): YbCl2 YbCl3 |
Atomic Radius: 193 pm |
Ionic radius (1- ion): pm |
Ionic radius (1+ ion): pm |
Ionic radius (2- ion): pm |
Ionic radius (2+ ion): 116 pm |
Ionic radius (3+ ion): 100.8 pm |
Thermal conductivity: 34.9 J/m-sec-deg |
Electrical conductivity: 35.7 1/mohm-cm |
Polarizability: 21 A^3 |
Source: Monazite(phosphate),bastnaesite |
Relative abundance solar system: -0.606 log |
Abundance earth's crust: 0.5 log |
Estimated crustal abundance: 3.2 milligrams per kilogram |
Estimated oceanic abundance: 8.2×10-7 milligrams per liter |
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(Ytterby, village in Sweden) Marignac in 1878 discovered a new component, which he called ytterbia, in the earth then known as erbia. In 1907, Urbain separated ytterbia into two components, which he called neoytterbia and lutecia. The elements in these earths are now known as ytterbium and lutetium, respectively. These elements are identical with aldebaranium and cassiopeium, discovered independently and at about the same time by von Welsbach. |
Ytterbium occurs along with other rare earths in a number of rare minerals. It is commercially recovered principally from monazite sand, which contains about 0.03%. Ion-exchange and solvent extraction techniques developed in recent years have greatly simplified the separation of the rare earths from one another. |
Ytterbium has a bright silvery luster, is soft, malleable, and quite ductile. Even though the element is fairly stable, it should be kept in closed containers to protect it from air and moisture. Ytterbium is readily attacked and dissolved by dilute and concentrated mineral acids and reacts slowly with water. Ytterbium has three allotropic forms with transformation points at -130C and 7950C: The beta form is a room-temperature, face-centered, cubic modification, while the high-temperature gamma form is a body-centered cubic form. Another body-centered cubic phase has recently been found to be stable at high pressures at room temperatures. The beta form ordinarily has metallic-type conductivity, but becomes a semiconductor when the pressure is increased about 16,000 atm. The electrical resistance increases tenfold as the pressure is increased to 39,000 atm and drops to about 10% of its standard temperature-pressure resistivity at a pressure of 40,000 atm. Natural ytterbium is a mixture of seven stable isotopes. Seven other unstable isotopes are known. |
Ytterbium metal has possible use in improving the grain refinement, strength, and other mechanical properties of stainless steel. One isotope is reported to have been used as a radiation source substitute for a portable X-ray machine where electricity is unavailable. Few other uses have been found. |
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