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| Atomic symbol: V |
| Atomic number: 23 |
| Atomic weight: 50.9415 |
| Atomic volume: 8.78 cm3/mol |
| Density: 5.8 g/cm3 |
| Period Number: 4 |
| Group number: 5 |
| Group name: Trans. Met. |
| Element classification: Metal |
| Phase at room temperature: Solid |
| Melting Point: 2163.2 K |
| Boiling point: 3623 K |
| Heat of fusion: 20.90 kJ/mol |
| Heat of vaporization: 0.452 kJ/mol |
| Ionization Energy: 6.746 eV |
| 1st ionization energy: 650.3 kJ/mole |
| 2nd ionization energy: 1413.5 kJ/mole |
| 3rd ionization energy: 2828 kJ/mole |
| Electronegativity: 1.63 |
| Electron affinity: 50.7 kJ/mole |
| Specific heat: 0.49 J/gK |
| Heat atomization: 514 kJ/mole atoms |
| Shells: 2,8,11,2 |
| Electron Shell Configuration: [Ar] 3d3 4s2 |
| Minimum oxidation number: -1 |
| Maximum oxidation number: 5 |
| Minimum common oxidation number: 0 |
| Maximum common oxidation no: 5 |
Appearance & Characteristics |
| Structure:: bcc: body-centered cubic |
| Color: bright white |
| Hardness: mohs |
| Toxicity: yes |
| Characteristics: soft |
| Uses: tool steel, V2O5 catalyst |
| Reaction with air: mild, w/ht =>V2O5, VN |
| Reaction with 6M HCl: none |
| Reaction with 15M HNO3: mild |
| Reaction with 6M NaOH: none |
| Number of isotopes: 2 |
| Oxide(s): VO V2O3 VO2 V2O5 |
| Hydride(s): VH VH2 |
| Chloride(s): VCl2 VCl3 VCl4 |
| Atomic Radius: 134 pm |
| Ionic radius (1- ion): pm |
| Ionic radius (1+ ion): pm |
| Ionic radius (2- ion): pm |
| Ionic radius (2+ ion): 93 pm |
| Ionic radius (3+ ion): 78 pm |
| Thermal conductivity: 30.7 J/m-sec-deg |
| Electrical conductivity: 39.37 1/mohm-cm |
| Polarizability: 12.4 A^3 |
| Source: U, Pb vanadates (misc) |
| Relative abundance solar system: 2.467 log |
| Abundance earth's crust: 2.1 log |
| Estimated crustal abundance: 1.20×102 milligrams per kilogram |
| Estimated oceanic abundance: 2.5×10-3 milligrams per liter |
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(Scandinavian goddess, Vanadis) Vanadium was first discovered by del Rio in 1801. Unfortunately, a French chemist incorrectly declared that del Rio's new element was only impure chromium. Del Rio thought himself to be mistaken and accepted the French chemists' statement.
The element was rediscovered in 1830 by Sefstrom, who named the element in honor of the Scandinavian goddess, Vanadis, because of its beautiful multicolored compounds. It was isolated in nearly pure form by Roscoe, who in 1867 reduced the chloride with hydrogen.
Vanadium of 99.3 to 99.8% purity was not produced until 1922.
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Vanadium is found in about 65 different minerals among which are carnotite, roscoelite, vanadinite, and patronite, important sources of the metal. Vanadium is also found in phosphate rock and certain iron ores, and is present in some crude oils in the form of organic complexes. It is also found in small percentages in meteorites.
Commercial production from petroleum ash holds promise as an important source of the element. High-purity ductile vanadium can be obtained by reduction of vanadium trichloride with magnesium or with magnesium-sodium mixtures.
Much of the vanadium metal being produced is now made by calcium reduction of V2O5 in a pressure vessel, an adaption of a process developed by McKechnie and Seybair.
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Pure vanadium is a bright white metal, and is soft and ductile. It has good corrosion resistance to alkalis, sulfuric and hydrochloric acid, and salt water, but the metal oxidizes readily above 6600C.
The metal has good structural strength and a low fission neutron cross section, making it useful in nuclear applications.
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Vanadium is used in producing rust resistant and high speed tool steels. It is an important carbide stabilizer in making steels.
About 80% of the vanadium now produced is used as ferrovanadium or as a steel additive. Vanadium foil is used as a bonding agent in cladding titanium to steel. Vanadium pentoxide is used in ceramics and as a catalyst.
It is also used to produce a superconductive magnet with a field of 175,000 gauss.
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| Natural vanadium is a mixture of two isotopes, 50V (0.24%) and 51V (99.76%). 50V is slightly radioactive, having a half-life of > 3.9 x 1017 years. Nine other unstable isotopes are recognized. |
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