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| Atomic symbol: Tm |
| Atomic number: 69 |
| Atomic weight: 168.9342 |
| Atomic volume: 18.1 cm3/mol |
| Density: 9.33 g/cm3 |
| Period Number: 6 |
| Group number: none |
| Group name: Rare Earth, Lanthanides |
| Element classification: Metal |
| Phase at room temperature: Solid |
| Melting Point: 1818.2 K |
| Boiling point: 2000 K |
| Heat of fusion: 16.840 kJ/mol |
| Heat of vaporization: 191.0 kJ/mol |
| Ionization Energy: 6.184 eV |
| 1st ionization energy: 596.7 kJ/mole |
| 2nd ionization energy: 1163 kJ/mole |
| 3rd ionization energy: 2544 kJ/mole |
| Electronegativity: 1.25 |
| Electron affinity: 50 kJ/mole |
| Specific heat: 0.16 J/gK |
| Heat atomization: 232 kJ/mole atoms |
| Shells: 2,8,18,31,8,2 |
| Electron Shell Configuration: [Xe] 4f13 6s2 |
| Minimum oxidation number: 0 |
| Maximum oxidation number: 3 |
| Minimum common oxidation number: 0 |
| Maximum common oxidation no: 3 |
Appearance & Characteristics |
| Structure:: hcp: hexagonal close pkd |
| Color: silvery-white |
| Hardness: mohs |
| Toxicity: ? |
| Characteristics: soft |
| Uses: alloys |
| Reaction with air: vigorous, =>Tm2O3 |
| Reaction with 6M HCl: mild, =>H2, TmCl3 |
| Reaction with 15M HNO3: mild, =>Tm(NO3)3 |
| Reaction with 6M NaOH: ? |
| Number of isotopes: 1 |
| Oxide(s): Tm2O3 |
| Hydride(s): TmH2 TmH3 |
| Chloride(s): TmCl2 TmCl3 |
| Atomic Radius: 176 pm |
| Ionic radius (1- ion): pm |
| Ionic radius (1+ ion): pm |
| Ionic radius (2- ion): pm |
| Ionic radius (2+ ion): 117 pm |
| Ionic radius (3+ ion): 102 pm |
| Thermal conductivity: 16.9 J/m-sec-deg |
| Electrical conductivity: 13.5 1/mohm-cm |
| Polarizability: 21.8 A^3 |
| Source: Monazite(phosphate),bastnaesite |
| Relative abundance solar system: -1.423 log |
| Abundance earth's crust: -0.3 log |
| Estimated crustal abundance: 5.2×10-1 milligrams per kilogram |
| Estimated oceanic abundance: 1.7×10-7 milligrams per liter |
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| (Thule, the earliest name for Scandinavia) Discovered in 1879 by Cleve. Thulium occurs in small quantities along with other rare earths in a number of minerals. It is obtained commercially from monazite, which contains about 0.007% of the element. Thulium is the least abundant of the rare earth elements, but with new sources recently discovered, it is now considered to be about as rare as silver, gold, or cadmium. |
| Thulium can be isolated by reduction of the oxide with lanthanum metal or by calcium reduction of a closed container. The element is silver-gray, soft, malleable, and ductile, and can be cut with a knife. Twenty five isotopes are known, with atomic masses ranging from 152 to 176. Natural thulium, which is 100% 169Tm, is stable. |
| Because of the relatively high price of the metal, thulium has not yet found many practical applications. 169Tm bombarded in a nuclear reactor can be used as a radiation source in portable X-ray equipment. 171Tm is potentially useful as an energy source. Natural thulium also has possible use in ferrites (ceramic magnetic materials) used in microwave equipment, and can be used for doping fiber lasers. As with other lanthanides, thulium has a low-to-moderate acute toxic rating. It should be handled with care. |
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