Terbium

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Atomic symbol: Tb

Atomic number: 65

Atomic weight: 158.9254

Atomic volume: 19.2 cm³/mol

Density: 8.27 g/cm³

Period Number: 6

Group number: none

Group name: Rare Earth, Lanthanides

Element classification: Metal

States

Phase at room temperature: Solid

Melting Point: 1633.2 K

Boiling point: 3073 K

Heat of fusion: 10.80 kJ/mol

Heat of vaporization: 330.90 kJ/mol

Energies

Ionization Energy: 5.864 eV

1st ionization energy: 564.7 kJ/mole

2nd ionization energy: 1112 kJ/mole

3rd ionization energy: 2114 kJ/mole

Electronegativity: 1.21

Electron affinity: 50 kJ/mole

Specific heat: 0.18 J/gK

Heat atomization: 389 kJ/mole atoms

Oxidation & Electrons

Shells: 2,8,18,27,8,2

Electron Shell Configuration: [Xe] 4f9 6s2

Minimum oxidation number: 0

Maximum oxidation number: 4

Minimum common oxidation number: 0

Maximum common oxidation no: 3

Appearance & Characteristics

Structure:: hcp: hexagonal close pkd

Color: silvery-white

Hardness: mohs

Toxicity: ?

Characteristics: soft

Uses: alloys

Reactions

Reaction with air: vigorous, =>Tb₄O₇ (approx.)

Reaction with 6M HCl: mild, =>H₂, TbCl₃

Reaction with 15M HNO3: mild, =>Tb(NO₃)₃

Reaction with 6M NaOH: ?

Other Forms

Number of isotopes: 1

Oxide(s): TbO₂ Tb₄O₇

Hydride(s): TbH₂ TbH₃

Chloride(s): TbCl₃

Radius

Atomic Radius: 177 pm

Ionic radius (1- ion): pm

Ionic radius (1+ ion): pm

Ionic radius (2- ion): pm

Ionic radius (2+ ion): pm

Ionic radius (3+ ion): 106.3 pm

Conductivity

Thermal conductivity: 11.1 J/m-sec-deg

Electrical conductivity: 8.8 1/mohm-cm

Polarizability: 25.5 A^3

Abundance

Source: Monazite(phosphate),bastnaesite

Relative abundance solar system: -1.220 log

Abundance earth's crust: 0 log

Estimated crustal abundance: 1.2 milligrams per kilogram

Estimated oceanic abundance: 1.4×10^-7 milligrams per liter

History

(Ytterby, a village in Sweden) Discovered by Mosander in 1843. Terbium is a member of the lanthanide or "rare earth" group of elements. It is found in cerite, gadolinite, and other minerals along with other rare earths. It is recovered commercially from monazite in which it is present to the extent of 0.03%, from xenotime, and from euxenite, a complex oxide containing 1% or more of terbia.

Properties

Terbium is reasonably stable in air. It is a silver-gray metal, and is malleable, ductile, and soft enough to be cut with a knife. Two crystal modifications exist, with a transformation temperature of 1289⁰C. Twenty one isotopes with atomic masses ranging from 145 to 165 are recognized. The oxide is a chocolate or dark maroon color.

Uses

Sodium terbium borate is used in solid-state devices. The oxide has potential application as an activator for green phosphors used in color TV tubes. It can be used with ZrO₂ as a crystal stabilizer of fuel cells which operate at elevated temperature. Few other uses have been found.

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