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| Atomic symbol: Te |
| Atomic number: 52 |
| Atomic weight: 127.60 |
| Atomic volume: 20.5 cm3/mol |
| Density: 6.24 g/cm3 |
| Period Number: 5 |
| Group number: 16 |
| Group name: Non-Metal, Chalcogen |
| Element classification: Semi-metal |
| Phase at room temperature: Solid |
| Melting Point: 722.7 K |
| Boiling point: 1263 K |
| Heat of fusion: 17.490 kJ/mol |
| Heat of vaporization: 52.550 kJ/mol |
| Ionization Energy: 9.010 eV |
| 1st ionization energy: 869.2 kJ/mole |
| 2nd ionization energy: 1794.6 kJ/mole |
| 3rd ionization energy: 2697.7 kJ/mole |
| Electronegativity: 2.1 |
| Electron affinity: 190.16 kJ/mole |
| Specific heat: 0.20 J/gK |
| Heat atomization: 197 kJ/mole atoms |
| Shells: 2,8,18,18,6 |
| Electron Shell Configuration: [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p4 |
| Minimum oxidation number: -2 |
| Maximum oxidation number: 6 |
| Minimum common oxidation number: 0 |
| Maximum common oxidation no: 6 |
Appearance & Characteristics |
| Structure:: parallel chains |
| Color: silvery |
| Hardness: 2.3 mohs |
| Toxicity: yes |
| Characteristics: semimetal |
| Uses: semiconductors, steel |
| Reaction with air: mild, w/ht, =>TeO2 |
| Reaction with 6M HCl: none |
| Reaction with 15M HNO3: mild, =>Te(IV) |
| Reaction with 6M NaOH: ? |
| Number of isotopes: 8 |
| Oxide(s): TeO2 TeO3 |
| Hydride(s): H2Te |
| Chloride(s): Te2Cl Te3Cl2 Te4Cl16 |
| Atomic Radius: 142 pm |
| Ionic radius (1- ion): pm |
| Ionic radius (1+ ion): pm |
| Ionic radius (2- ion): 207 pm |
| Ionic radius (2+ ion): pm |
| Ionic radius (3+ ion): pm |
| Thermal conductivity: 11.54 J/m-sec-deg |
| Electrical conductivity: 0 1/mohm-cm |
| Polarizability: 5.5 A^3 |
| Source: Zn/Pb smelting by-product |
| Relative abundance solar system: 0.682 log |
| Abundance earth's crust: -3 log |
| Estimated crustal abundance: 1×10-3 milligrams per kilogram |
| Estimated oceanic abundance: No Data Available |
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| (L. tellus: earth) Discovered by Muller von Reichenstein in 1782; named by Klaproth, who isolated it in 1798. |
| Tellurium is occasionally found native, but is more often found as the telluride of gold (calaverite), and combined with other metals. It is recovered commercially from anode muds produced during the electrolytic refining of blister copper. The U.S., Canada, Peru, and Japan are the largest Free World producers of the element. |
Crystalline tellurium has a silvery-white appearance, and when pure it exhibits a metallic luster. It is brittle and easily pulverized. Amorphous tellurium is found by precipitating tellurium from a solution of telluric or tellurous acid. Whether this form is truly amorphous, or made of minute crystals, is open to question. Tellurium is a p-type semiconductor, and shows greater conductivity in certain directions, depending on alignment of the atoms.
Its conductivity increases slightly with exposure to light. It can be doped with silver, copper, gold, tin, or other elements. In air, tellurium burns with a greenish-blue flames, forming the dioxide. Molten tellurium corrodes iron, copper, and stainless steel.
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| Tellurium improves the machinability of copper and stainless steel, and its addition to lead decreases the corrosive action of sulfuric acid on lead and improves its strength and hardness. Tellurium is used as a basic ingredient in blasting caps, and is added to cast iron for chill control. Tellurium is used in ceramics. Bismuth telluride has been used in thermoelectric devices. |
| Thirty isotopes of tellurium are known, with atomic masses ranging from 108 to 137. Natural tellurium consists of eight isotopes. |
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