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Sulfur


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Atomic symbol: S
Atomic number: 16
Atomic weight: 32.06
Atomic volume: 15.5 cm3/mol
Density: 2.07 g/cm3
Period Number: 3
Group number: 16
Group name: Non-Metal, Chalcogen
Element classification: Non-metal


States


Phase at room temperature: Solid
Melting Point: 386 K
Boiling point: 717.9 K
Heat of fusion: 1.7175 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization: ?


Energies


Ionization Energy: 10.360 eV
1st ionization energy: 999.6 kJ/mole
2nd ionization energy: 2251 kJ/mole
3rd ionization energy: 3360.6 kJ/mole
Electronegativity: 2.58
Electron affinity: 200.4144 kJ/mole
Specific heat: 0.71 J/gK
Heat atomization: 279 kJ/mole atoms


Oxidation & Electrons


Shells: 2,8,6
Electron Shell Configuration: [Ne] 3s2 3p4
Minimum oxidation number: -2
Maximum oxidation number: 6
Minimum common oxidation number: -2
Maximum common oxidation no: 6


Appearance & Characteristics


Structure:: S8 rings
Color: yellow(pale)
Hardness: 2 mohs
Toxicity: ?
Characteristics: (S8)brittle, 19 forms
Uses: rubber, batteries (H2SO4)


Reactions


Reaction with air: vigorous, w/ht =>SO2
Reaction with 6M HCl: none
Reaction with 15M HNO3: mild, =>H2SO4, NOx
Reaction with 6M NaOH: none


Other Forms


Number of isotopes: 4
Oxide(s): SO2 SO3
Hydride(s): H2S
Chloride(s): S2Cl2 SCl2


Radius


Atomic Radius: 103 pm
Ionic radius (1- ion): pm
Ionic radius (1+ ion): pm
Ionic radius (2- ion): 170 pm
Ionic radius (2+ ion): pm
Ionic radius (3+ ion): pm


Conductivity


Thermal conductivity: 0.27 J/m-sec-deg
Electrical conductivity: 0 1/mohm-cm
Polarizability: 2.9 A^3


Abundance


Source: Sulfur,pyrite,natural gas
Relative abundance solar system: 5.712 log
Abundance earth's crust: 2.4 log
Estimated crustal abundance: 3.50×102 milligrams per kilogram
Estimated oceanic abundance: 9.05×102 milligrams per liter
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 


History


(Sanskrit, sulvere; L. sulpur) Known to the ancients; referred to in Genesis as brimstone.


Sources


Sulfur is found in meteorites. R.W. Wood suggests that the dark area near the crater Aristarchus is a sulfur deposit.

Sulfur occurs native in the vicinity of volcanos and hot springs. It is widely distributed in nature as iron pyrites, galena, sphalerite, cinnabar, stibnite, gypsum, epsom salts, celestite, barite, etc.


Properties


Sulfur is pale yellow, odorless, brittle solid, which is insoluble in water but soluble in carbon disulfide. In every state, whether gas, liquid or solid, elemental sulfur occurs in more than one allotropic form or modification; these present a confusing multitude of forms whose relations are not yet fully understood.

In 1975, University of Pennsylvania scientists reported synthesis of polymeric sulfur nitride, which has the properties of a metal, although it contains no metal atoms. The material has unusual optical and electrical properties.

High-purity sulfur is commercially available in purities of 99.999+%.

Amorphous or "plastic" sulfur is obtained by fast cooling of the crystalline form. X-ray studies indicate that amorphous sulfur may have a helical structure with eight atoms per spiral. Crystalline sulfur seems to be made of rings, each containing eight sulfur atoms, which fit together to give a normal X-ray pattern.


Compounds


Organic compounds containing sulfur are very important. Calcium sulfur, ammonium sulfate, carbon disulfide, sulfur dioxide, and hydrogen sulfide are but a few of the many important compounds of sulfur.


Uses


Sulfur is a component of black gunpowder, and is used in the vulcanization of natural rubber and a fungicide. It is also used extensively in making phosphatic fertilizers. A tremendous tonnage is used to produce sulfuric acid, the most important manufactured chemical.

It is used to make sulfite paper and other papers, to fumigate fumigant, and to bleach dried fruits. The element is a good insulator.

Sulfur is essential to life. It is a minor constituent of fats, body fluids, and skeletal minerals.


Isotopes


Eleven isotopes of sulfur exist. None of the four isotopes that in nature are radioactive. A finely divided form of sulfur, known as flowers of sulfur, is obtained by sublimation.

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