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| Atomic symbol: Ag |
| Atomic number: 47 |
| Atomic weight: 107.868 |
| Atomic volume: 10.3 cm3/mol |
| Density: 10.5 g/cm3 |
| Period Number: 5 |
| Group number: 11 |
| Group name: Trans. Met. |
| Element classification: Metal |
| Phase at room temperature: Solid |
| Melting Point: 1235.1 K |
| Boiling point: 2428 K |
| Heat of fusion: 11.30 kJ/mol |
| Heat of vaporization: 250.580 kJ/mol |
| Ionization Energy: 7.576 eV |
| 1st ionization energy: 731 kJ/mole |
| 2nd ionization energy: 2073.5 kJ/mole |
| 3rd ionization energy: 3360.6 kJ/mole |
| Electronegativity: 1.93 |
| Electron affinity: 125.6 kJ/mole |
| Specific heat: 0.235 J/gK |
| Heat atomization: 284 kJ/mole atoms |
| Shells: 2,8,18,18,1 |
| Electron Shell Configuration: [Kr] 4d10 5s1 |
| Minimum oxidation number: 0 |
| Maximum oxidation number: 3 |
| Minimum common oxidation number: 0 |
| Maximum common oxidation no: 3 |
Appearance & Characteristics |
| Structure:: fcc: face-centered cubic |
| Color: silvery |
| Hardness: 3.25 mohs |
| Toxicity: ? |
| Characteristics: soft, ductile, tarnishes |
| Uses: film(AgBr),coins,jewelry |
| Reaction with air: mild, =>Ag2O |
| Reaction with 6M HCl: none |
| Reaction with 15M HNO3: mild, =>AgNO3 |
| Reaction with 6M NaOH: ? |
| Number of isotopes: 2 |
| Oxide(s): Ag2O |
| Hydride(s): none |
| Chloride(s): AgCl |
| Atomic Radius: 144 pm |
| Ionic radius (1- ion): pm |
| Ionic radius (1+ ion): 129 pm |
| Ionic radius (2- ion): pm |
| Ionic radius (2+ ion): 108 pm |
| Ionic radius (3+ ion): 89 pm |
| Thermal conductivity: 429 J/m-sec-deg |
| Electrical conductivity: 630.5 1/mohm-cm |
| Polarizability: 7.9 A^3 |
| Source: Argentite (sulfide) |
| Relative abundance solar system: -0.313 log |
| Abundance earth's crust: -1.2 log |
| Estimated crustal abundance: 7.5×10-2 milligrams per kilogram |
| Estimated oceanic abundance: 4×10-5 milligrams per liter |
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| (Anglo-Saxon, Seolfor: silver; L. argentum: silver) Silver has been known since ancient times. It is mentioned in Genesis. Slag dumps in Asia Minor and on islands in the Aegean Sea indicate that man learned to separate silver from lead as early as 3000 B.C. |
| Silver occurs natively and in ores such as argentite (Ag2S) and horn silver (AgCl); lead, lead-zinc, copper, gold, and copper-nickel ores are principal sources. Mexico, Canada, Peru, and the U.S. are the principal silver producers in the western hemisphere. |
| Pure silver has a brilliant white metallic luster. It is a little harder than gold and is very ductile and malleable, being exceeded only by gold and perhaps palladium. Pure silver has the highest electrical and thermal conductivity of all metals, and possesses the lowest contact resistance. It is stable in pure air and water, but tarnishes when exposed to ozone, hydrogen sulfide, or air containing sulfur. The alloys of silver are important. |
| Sterling silver is used for jewelry, silverware, etc. where appearance is paramount. This alloy contains 92.5% silver, the remainder being copper or some other metal. Silver is of the utmost importance in photography, about 30% of the U.S. industrial consumption going into this application. It is used for dental alloys. Silver is used in making solder and brazing alloys, electrical contacts, and high capacity silver-zinc and silver-cadmium batteries. Silver paints are used for making printed circuits. It is used in mirror production and may be deposited on glass or metals by chemical deposition, electrode position, or by evaporation. When freshly deposited, it is the best reflector of visible light known, but is rapidly tarnished and loses much of its reflectance. It is a poor reflector of ultraviolet. Silver fulminate, a powerful explosive, is sometimes formed during the silvering process. Silver iodide is used in seeding clouds to produce rain. Silver chloride has interesting optical properties as it can be made transparent; it also is a cement for glass. Silver nitrate, or lunar caustic, the most important silver compound, is used extensively in photography. Silver for centuries has been used traditionally for coinage by many countries of the world. In recent times, however, consumption of silver has greatly exceeded the output. |
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