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Samarium


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Atomic symbol: Sm
Atomic number: 62
Atomic weight: 150.4
Atomic volume: 19.95 cm3/mol
Density: 7.54 g/cm3
Period Number: 6
Group number: none
Group name: Rare Earth, Lanthanides
Element classification: Metal


States


Phase at room temperature: Solid
Melting Point: 1345.2 K
Boiling point: 2073 K
Heat of fusion: 8.630 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization: 166.40 kJ/mol


Energies


Ionization Energy: 5.644 eV
1st ionization energy: 543.3 kJ/mole
2nd ionization energy: 1068 kJ/mole
3rd ionization energy: 2260 kJ/mole
Electronegativity: 1.17
Electron affinity: 50 kJ/mole
Specific heat: 0.20 J/gK
Heat atomization: 207 kJ/mole atoms


Oxidation & Electrons


Shells: 2,8,18,24,8,2
Electron Shell Configuration: [Xe] 4f6 6s2
Minimum oxidation number: 0
Maximum oxidation number: 3
Minimum common oxidation number: 0
Maximum common oxidation no: 3


Appearance & Characteristics


Structure:: cp: cls pkd (ABCBCACAB)
Color: silvery-white
Hardness: mohs
Toxicity: ?
Characteristics: ?
Uses: alloys, headphones


Reactions


Reaction with air: vigorous, =>Sm2O3
Reaction with 6M HCl: mild, =>H2, SmCl3
Reaction with 15M HNO3: mild, =>Sm(NO3)3
Reaction with 6M NaOH: ?


Other Forms


Number of isotopes: ?
Oxide(s): Sm2O3
Hydride(s): SmH2 SmH3
Chloride(s): SmCl2 SmCl3


Radius


Atomic Radius: 180 pm
Ionic radius (1- ion): pm
Ionic radius (1+ ion): pm
Ionic radius (2- ion): pm
Ionic radius (2+ ion): pm
Ionic radius (3+ ion): 109.8 pm


Conductivity


Thermal conductivity: 13.3 J/m-sec-deg
Electrical conductivity: 11 1/mohm-cm
Polarizability: 28.8 A^3


Abundance


Source: Monazite(phosphate),bastnaesite
Relative abundance solar system: -0.588 log
Abundance earth's crust: 0.8 log
Estimated crustal abundance: 7.05 milligrams per kilogram
Estimated oceanic abundance: 4.5×10-7 milligrams per liter
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 


History


(Samarskite, a mineral) Discovered spectroscopically by its sharp absorption lines in 1879 by Lecoq de Boisbaudran in the mineral samarskite, named in honor of a Russian mine official, Col. Samarski.


Sources


Samarium is found along with other members of the rare-earth elements in many minerals, including monazite and bastnasite, which are commercial sources. It occurs in monazite to the extent of 2.8%. While misch metal containing about 1% of samarium metal, has long been used, samarium has not been isolated in relatively pure form until recently. Ion-exchange and solvent extraction techniques have recently simplified separation of the rare earths from one another; more recently, electrochemical deposition, using an electrolytic solution of lithium citrate and a mercury electrode, is said to be a simple, fast, and highly specific way to separate the rare earths. Samarium metal can be produced by reducing the oxide with lanthanum.


Properties


Samarium has a bright silver luster and is reasonably stable in air. Three crystal modifications of the metal exist, with transformations at 734 and 9220C. The metal ignites in air at about 1500C. The sulfide has excellent high-temperature stability and good thermoelectric efficiencies up to 11000C.


Uses


Samarium, along with other rare earths, is used for carbon-arc lighting for the motion picture industry. SmCo5 has been used in making a new permanent magnet material with the highest resistance to demagnetization of any known material. It is said to have an intrinsic coercive force as high as 2200 kA/m. Samarium oxide has been used in optical glass to absorb the infrared. Samarium is used to dope calcium fluoride crystal for use in optical lasers or lasers. Compounds of the metal act as sensitizers for phosphors excited in the infrared; the oxide exhibits catalytic properties in the dehydration and dehydrogenation of ethyl alcohol. It is used in infrared absorbing glass and as a neutron absorber in nuclear reactors.


Isotopes


Twenty one isotopes of samarium exist. Natural samarium is a mixture of several isotopes, three of which are unstable with long half-lives.

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