Rhodium

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Atomic symbol: Rh

Atomic number: 45

Atomic weight: 102.9055

Atomic volume: 8.3 cm³/mol

Density: 12.4 g/cm³

Period Number: 5

Group number: 9

Group name: Trans. Met.

Element classification: Metal

States

Phase at room temperature: Solid

Melting Point: 2238.2 K

Boiling point: 4033 K

Heat of fusion: 21.50 kJ/mol

Heat of vaporization: 493.0 kJ/mol

Energies

Ionization Energy: 7.459 eV

1st ionization energy: 719.8 kJ/mole

2nd ionization energy: 1744.4 kJ/mole

3rd ionization energy: 2996.8 kJ/mole

Electronegativity: 2.28

Electron affinity: 109.7 kJ/mole

Specific heat: 0.242 J/gK

Heat atomization: 556 kJ/mole atoms

Oxidation & Electrons

Shells: 2,8,18,16,1

Electron Shell Configuration: [Kr] 4d8 5s1

Minimum oxidation number: -1

Maximum oxidation number: 6

Minimum common oxidation number: 0

Maximum common oxidation no: 3

Appearance & Characteristics

Structure:: fcc: face-centered cubic

Color: silvery-white

Hardness: mohs

Toxicity: ?

Characteristics: forms hard coatings

Uses: catalysts, elec. contacts

Reactions

Reaction with air: none, w/ht =>Rh₂O₃

Reaction with 6M HCl: none

Reaction with 15M HNO3: none

Reaction with 6M NaOH: none

Other Forms

Number of isotopes: 1

Oxide(s): Rh₂O₃ RhO₂

Hydride(s): none

Chloride(s): RhCl₃

Radius

Atomic Radius: 134 pm

Ionic radius (1- ion): pm

Ionic radius (1+ ion): pm

Ionic radius (2- ion): pm

Ionic radius (2+ ion): pm

Ionic radius (3+ ion): 80.5 pm

Conductivity

Thermal conductivity: 150 J/m-sec-deg

Electrical conductivity: 221.729 1/mohm-cm

Polarizability: 8.6 A^3

Abundance

Source: nickel ores (sulfides)

Relative abundance solar system: -0.463 log

Abundance earth's crust: -3 log

Estimated crustal abundance: 1×10^-3 milligrams per kilogram

Estimated oceanic abundance: No Data Available

History

(Gr. rhodon: rose) Wollaston discovered rhodium between 1803 and 1804 in crude platinum ore he presumably obtained from South America.

Sources

Rhodium occurs natively with other platinum metals in river sands of the Urals and in North and South America. It is also found with other platinum metals in the copper-nickel sulfide area of the Sudbury, Ontario region. Although the quantity occurring there is very small, the large tonnages of nickel processed make the recovery commercially feasible. The annual world production of rhodium is only 7 or 8 tons.

Properties

The metal is silvery white and at red heat slowly changes in air to the resquioxide. At higher temperatures it converts back to the element. Rhodium has a higher melting point and lower density than platinum. It is highly reflective, hard, and durable.

Uses

Rhodium's primary use is as an alloying agent to harden platinum and palladium. Such alloys are used for furnace windings, thermocoupling elements, bushings for glass fiber production, electrodes for aircraft spark plugs, and laboratory crucibles. It is useful as an electrical contact material as it has a low electrical resistance, a low and stable contact resistance, and is highly resistant to corrosion. Plated rhodium, produced by electroplating or evaporation, is exceptionally hard and is used for optical instruments. Rhodium is also used for jewelry, for decoration, and as a catalyst.

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