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Potassium


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Atomic symbol: K
Atomic number: 19
Atomic weight: 39.0983
Atomic volume: 45.46 cm3/mol
Density: 0.862 g/cm3
Period Number: 4
Group number: 1
Group name: Alkali Met.
Element classification: Metal


States


Phase at room temperature: Solid
Melting Point: 336.5 K
Boiling point: 1038.7 K
Heat of fusion: 2.334 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization: 79.870 kJ/mol


Energies


Ionization Energy: 4.341 eV
1st ionization energy: 418.8 kJ/mole
2nd ionization energy: 3051.3 kJ/mole
3rd ionization energy: 4411.3 kJ/mole
Electronegativity: 0.82
Electron affinity: 48.385 kJ/mole
Specific heat: 48.385 kJ/mole
Heat atomization: 90 kJ/mole atoms


Oxidation & Electrons


Shells: 2,8,8,1
Electron Shell Configuration: [Ar] 4s1
Minimum oxidation number: 0
Maximum oxidation number: 1
Minimum common oxidation number: 0
Maximum common oxidation no: 1


Appearance & Characteristics


Structure:: bcc: body-centered cubic
Color: silvery-white
Hardness: 0.5 mohs
Toxicity: ?
Characteristics: soft
Uses: fertilizer, low-Na salt


Reactions


Reaction with air: vigorous, =>KO2
Reaction with 6M HCl: vigorous, =>H2, KCl
Reaction with 15M HNO3: vigorous, =>H2, NOx, KNO3
Reaction with 6M NaOH: vigorous, =>H2, KOH


Other Forms


Number of isotopes: 3
Oxide(s): K2O
Hydride(s): KH
Chloride(s): KCl


Radius


Atomic Radius: 227 pm
Ionic radius (1- ion): pm
Ionic radius (1+ ion): 152 pm
Ionic radius (2- ion): pm
Ionic radius (2+ ion): pm
Ionic radius (3+ ion): pm


Conductivity


Thermal conductivity: 102.5 J/m-sec-deg
Electrical conductivity: 138.9 1/mohm-cm
Polarizability: 43.4 A^3


Abundance


Source: Sylvite, carnallite (misc)
Relative abundance solar system: 3.576 log
Abundance earth's crust: 4.3 log
Estimated crustal abundance: 2.09×104 milligrams per kilogram
Estimated oceanic abundance: 3.99×102 milligrams per liter
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 


History


(English, potash - pot ashes; L.. kalium, Arab qali: alkali) Discovered in 1807 by Davy, who obtained it from caustic potash (KOH); this was the first metal isolated by electrolysis.


Sources


The metal is the seventh most abundant and makes up about 2.4% by weight of the earth's crust. Most potassium minerals are insoluble and the metal is obtained from them only with great difficulty.

Certain minerals, however, such as sylvite, carnallite, langbeinite, and polyhalite are found in ancient lake and sea beds and form rather extensive deposits from which potassium and its salts can readily be obtained. Potash is mined in Germany, New Mexico, California, Utah, and elsewhere. Large deposits of potash, found at a depth of some 3000 ft in Saskatchewan, promise to be important in coming years.

Potassium is also found in the ocean, but is present only in relatively small amounts, compared to sodium.


Properties


It is one of the most reactive and electropositive of metals. Except for lithium, it is the lightest known metal. It is soft, easily cut with a knife, and is silvery in appearance immediately after a fresh surface is exposed. It rapidly oxidizes in air and must be preserved in a mineral oil such as kerosene.

As with other metals of the alkali group, it decomposes in water with the evolution of hydrogen. It catches fire spontaneously on water. Potassium and its salts impart a violet color to flames.


Uses


The greatest demand for potash has been in its use for fertilizers. Potassium is an essential constituent for plant growth and is found in most soils.

An alloy of sodium and potassium (NaK) is used as a heat-transfer medium. Many potassium salts are of utmost importance, including the hydroxide, nitrate, carbonate, chloride, chlorate, bromide, iodide, cyanide, sulfate, chromate, and dichromate.


Isotopes


Seventeen isotopes of potassium are known. Ordinary potassium is composed of three isotopes, one of which is 400K (0.0118%), a radioactive isotope with a half-life of 1.28 x 109 years.

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