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| Atomic symbol: No |
| Atomic number: 102 |
| Atomic weight: (259) |
| Atomic volume: ? |
| Density: ? |
| Period Number: 7 |
| Group number: none |
| Group name: Rare Earth, Actinides |
| Element classification: Metal |
| Phase at room temperature: Solid |
| Melting Point: K |
| Boiling point: K |
| Heat of fusion: ? |
| Heat of vaporization: ? |
| Ionization Energy: 6.65 eV |
| 1st ionization energy: 642 kJ/mole |
| 2nd ionization energy: kJ/mole |
| 3rd ionization energy: kJ/mole |
| Electronegativity: 1.3 |
| Electron affinity: kJ/mole |
| Specific heat: ? |
| Heat atomization: kJ/mole atoms |
| Shells: 2,8,18,32,32,8,2 |
| Electron Shell Configuration: [Rn] 5f14 7s2 |
| Minimum oxidation number: 0 |
| Maximum oxidation number: 3 |
| Minimum common oxidation number: 0 |
| Maximum common oxidation no: 3 |
Appearance & Characteristics |
| Structure:: ? |
| Color: ? |
| Hardness: mohs |
| Toxicity: ? |
| Characteristics: Radioactive |
| Uses: ? |
| Reaction with air: ? |
| Reaction with 6M HCl: ? |
| Reaction with 15M HNO3: ? |
| Reaction with 6M NaOH: ? |
| Number of isotopes: 0 |
| Oxide(s): ? |
| Hydride(s): ? |
| Chloride(s): ? |
| Atomic Radius: pm |
| Ionic radius (1- ion): pm |
| Ionic radius (1+ ion): pm |
| Ionic radius (2- ion): pm |
| Ionic radius (2+ ion): 124 pm |
| Ionic radius (3+ ion): pm |
| Thermal conductivity: J/m-sec-deg |
| Electrical conductivity: 1/mohm-cm |
| Polarizability: 17.5 A^3 |
| Source: Synthetic |
| Relative abundance solar system: log |
| Abundance earth's crust: log |
| Estimated crustal abundance: Not Applicable |
| Estimated oceanic abundance: Not Applicable |
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(Alfred Nobel, discoverer of dynamite) Nobelium was unambiguously discovered and identified in April 1958 at Berkeley by A. Ghiorso, T. Sikkeland, J.R. Walton, and G.T. Seaborg, who used a new double-recoil technique. A heavy-ion linear accelerator (HILAC) was used to bombard a thin target of curium (95% 244Cm and 4.5% 246Cm) with 12C ions to produce 102No according to the 246Cm(12C, 4n) reaction.
In 1957 workers in the United States, Britain, and Sweden announced the discovery of an isotope of element 102 with a 10-minute half-life at 8.5 MeV, as a result of bombarding 244Cm with 13C nuclei. On the basis of this experiment, the name nobelium was assigned and accepted by the Commission on Atomic Weights of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The acceptance of the name was premature because both Russian and American efforts now completely rule out the possibility of any isotope of Element 102 having a half-life of 10 min in the vicinity of 8.5 MeV. Early work in 1957 on the search for this element, in Russia at the Kurchatov Institute, was marred by the assignment of 8.9 +/- 0.4 MeV alpha radiation with a half-life of 2 to 40 sec, which was too indefinite to support discovery claims.
Confirmatory experiments at Berkeley in 1966 have shown the existence of 254102 with a 55-s half-life, 252102 with a 2.3-s half-life, and 257102 with a 23-s half-life.
Following tradition giving the right to name an element to the discoverer(s), the Berkeley group in 1967, suggested that the hastily given name nobelium along with the symbol No , be retained.
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| Ten isotopes are now recognized, one of which -- 255102 -- has a half-life of 3 minutes. |
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