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| Atomic symbol: Ni |
| Atomic number: 28 |
| Atomic weight: 58.71 |
| Atomic volume: 6.59 cm3/mol |
| Density: 8.90 g/cm3 |
| Period Number: 4 |
| Group number: 10 |
| Group name: Trans. Met. |
| Element classification: Metal |
| Phase at room temperature: Solid |
| Melting Point: 1726.2 K |
| Boiling point: 3193 K |
| Heat of fusion: 17.470 kJ/mol |
| Heat of vaporization: 370.40 kJ/mol |
| Ionization Energy: 7.640 eV |
| 1st ionization energy: 736.7 kJ/mole |
| 2nd ionization energy: 1752.9 kJ/mole |
| 3rd ionization energy: 3393.4 kJ/mole |
| Electronegativity: 1.91 |
| Electron affinity: 111.5 kJ/mole |
| Specific heat: 0.44 J/gK |
| Heat atomization: 430 kJ/mole atoms |
| Shells: 2,8,16,2 |
| Electron Shell Configuration: [Ar] 3d8 4s2 |
| Minimum oxidation number: -1 |
| Maximum oxidation number: 4 |
| Minimum common oxidation number: 0 |
| Maximum common oxidation no: 2 |
Appearance & Characteristics |
| Structure:: fcc: face-centered cubic |
| Color: silvery-white |
| Hardness: mohs |
| Toxicity: yes |
| Characteristics: hard, takes a high polish |
| Uses: alloys, coins, batteries |
| Reaction with air: mild, w/ht =>NiO |
| Reaction with 6M HCl: mild, =>H2, NiCl2 |
| Reaction with 15M HNO3: passivated |
| Reaction with 6M NaOH: none |
| Number of isotopes: 5 |
| Oxide(s): NiO |
| Hydride(s): NiH |
| Chloride(s): NiCl2 |
| Atomic Radius: 124 pm |
| Ionic radius (1- ion): pm |
| Ionic radius (1+ ion): pm |
| Ionic radius (2- ion): pm |
| Ionic radius (2+ ion): 83 pm |
| Ionic radius (3+ ion): 72 pm |
| Thermal conductivity: 90.9 J/m-sec-deg |
| Electrical conductivity: 146.199 1/mohm-cm |
| Polarizability: 6.8 A^3 |
| Source: sulfides, oxide/silicates |
| Relative abundance solar system: 4.693 log |
| Abundance earth's crust: 1.9 log |
| Estimated crustal abundance: 8.4×101 milligrams per kilogram |
| Estimated oceanic abundance: 5.6×10-4 milligrams per liter |
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| (German Nickel, Satan and from kupfernickel, Old Nick's copper) Cronstedt discovered nickel in 1751 in kupfernickel (niccolite). |
Nickel is found as a constituent in most meteorites and often serves as one of the criteria for distinguishing a meteorite from other minerals. Iron meteorites, or siderites, may contain iron alloyed with from 5 percent to nearly 20 percent nickel. Nickel is obtained commercially from pentlandite and pyrrhotite of the Sudbury region of Ontario, a district that produces about 30 percent of the world's supply of nickel.
Other deposits are found in New Caledonia, Australia, Cuba, Indonesia, and elsewhere.
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| Nickel is silvery white and takes on a high polish. It is hard, malleable, ductile, somewhat ferromagnetic, and a fair conductor of heat and electricity. It belongs to the iron-cobalt group of metals and is chiefly valuable for the alloys it forms. |
It is extensively used for making stainless steel and other corrosion-resistant alloys such as Invar(R), Monel(R), Inconel(R), and the Hastelloys(R). Tubing made of copper-nickel alloy is extensively used in making desalination plants for converting sea water into fresh water.
Nickel, used extensively to make coins and nickel steel for armor plates and burglar-proof vaults, and is also a component in Nichrome(R), Permalloy(R), and constantan.
Nickel gives glass a greenish color. Nickel plating is often used to provide a protective coating for other metals, and finely divided nickel is a catalyst for hydrogenating vegetable oils. It is also used in ceramics, in the manufacture of Alnico magnets, and in the Edison(R) storage battery.
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| The sulfate and the oxides are important compounds. Natural nickel is a mixture of five stable isotopes; nine other unstable isotopes are known. |
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