Molybdenum

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Atomic symbol: Mo

Atomic number: 42

Atomic weight: 95.94

Atomic volume: 9.4 cm³/mol

Density: 10.2 g/cm³

Period Number: 5

Group number: 6

Group name: Trans. Met.

Element classification: Metal

States

Phase at room temperature: Solid

Melting Point: 2890.2 K

Boiling point: 4923 K

Heat of fusion: 32.0 kJ/mol

Heat of vaporization: 598.0 kJ/mol

Energies

Ionization Energy: 7.092 eV

1st ionization energy: 684.9 kJ/mole

2nd ionization energy: 1588.2 kJ/mole

3rd ionization energy: 2620.5 kJ/mole

Electronegativity: 2.24

Electron affinity: 72 kJ/mole

Specific heat: 0.25 J/gK

Heat atomization: 658 kJ/mole atoms

Oxidation & Electrons

Shells: 2,8,18,13,1

Electron Shell Configuration: [Kr] 4d5 5s1

Minimum oxidation number: -2

Maximum oxidation number: 6

Minimum common oxidation number: 0

Maximum common oxidation no: 6

Appearance & Characteristics

Structure:: bcc: body-centered cubic

Color: silvery-white

Hardness: mohs

Toxicity: ?

Characteristics: very hard

Uses: catalysts, tool steel

Reactions

Reaction with air: none, w/ht =>MoO₃

Reaction with 6M HCl: none

Reaction with 15M HNO3: none

Reaction with 6M NaOH: ?

Other Forms

Number of isotopes: 7

Oxide(s): MoO₂ MoO₃

Hydride(s): none

Chloride(s): MoClx [x=2-6]

Radius

Atomic Radius: 139 pm

Ionic radius (1- ion): pm

Ionic radius (1+ ion): pm

Ionic radius (2- ion): pm

Ionic radius (2+ ion): pm

Ionic radius (3+ ion): 83 pm

Conductivity

Thermal conductivity: 138 J/m-sec-deg

Electrical conductivity: 192.308 1/mohm-cm

Polarizability: 12.8 A^3

Abundance

Source: Molybdenite (sulfide)

Relative abundance solar system: 0.407 log

Abundance earth's crust: 0.2 log

Estimated crustal abundance: 1.2 milligrams per kilogram

Estimated oceanic abundance: 1×10^-2 milligrams per liter

History

(Gr. molybdos: lead) Before Scheele recognized molybdenite as a distinct ore of a new element in 1778, it was confused with graphite and lead ore. The metal was prepared in impure form in 1782 by Hjelm. Molybdenum does not occur natively, but is obtained principally from molybdenite. Wulfenite, and Powellite are also minor commercial ores.

Sources

Molybdenum is also recovered as a by-product of copper and tungsten mining operations. The metal is prepared from the powder made by the hydrogen reduction of purified molybdic trioxide or ammonium molybdate.

Properties

The metal is silvery white, very hard, but is softer and more ductile than tungsten. It has a high elastic modulus, and only tungsten and tantalum, of the more readily available metals, have higher melting points. It is a valuable alloying agent, as it contributes to the hardenability and toughness of quenched and tempered steels. It also improves the strength of steel at high temperatures.

Uses

It is used in certain nickel-based alloys, such as the "Hastelloys(R)" which are heat-resistant and corrosion-resistant to chemical solutions. Molybdenum oxidizes at elevated temperatures. The metal has found recent application as electrodes for electrically heated glass furnaces and forehearths. The metal is also used in nuclear energy applications and for missile and aircraft parts. Molybdenum is valuable as a catalyst in the refining of petroleum. It has found applications as a filament material in electronic and electrical applications. Molybdenum is an essential trace element in plant nutrition; some lands are barren for lack of this element in the soil. Molybdenum sulfide is useful as a lubricant, especially at high temperatures where oils would decompose. Almost all ultra-high strength steels with minimum yield points up to 300,000 psi (lb/in.²) contain molybdenum in amounts from 0.25 to 8%. Biologically, molybdenum as a trace element is necessary for nitrogen fixation and other metabolic processes.

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