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Magnesium


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Atomic symbol: Mg
Atomic number: 12
Atomic weight: 24.305
Atomic volume: 13.97 cm3/mol
Density: 1.738 g/cm3
Period Number: 3
Group number: 2
Group name: Alkali Earth
Element classification: Metal


States


Phase at room temperature: Solid
Melting Point: 922 K
Boiling point: 1378 K
Heat of fusion: 8.954 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization: 127.40 kJ/mol


Energies


Ionization Energy: 7.646 eV
1st ionization energy: 737.7 kJ/mole
2nd ionization energy: 1450.6 kJ/mole
3rd ionization energy: 7732.6 kJ/mole
Electronegativity: 1.31
Electron affinity: kJ/mole
Specific heat: 1.02 J/gK
Heat atomization: 148 kJ/mole atoms


Oxidation & Electrons


Shells: 2,8,2
Electron Shell Configuration: [Ne] 3s2
Minimum oxidation number: 0
Maximum oxidation number: 2
Minimum common oxidation number: 0
Maximum common oxidation no: 2


Appearance & Characteristics


Structure:: hcp: hexagonal close pkd
Color: silvery
Hardness: 2 mohs
Toxicity: ?
Characteristics: burns brightly
Uses: alloys, flash bulbs


Reactions


Reaction with air: vigorous,w/ht =>MgO,Mg3N2
Reaction with 6M HCl: mild, =>H2, MgCl2
Reaction with 15M HNO3: vigorous, =>NOx, Mg(NO3)2
Reaction with 6M NaOH: none


Other Forms


Number of isotopes: 3
Oxide(s): MgO
Hydride(s): MgH2
Chloride(s): MgCl2


Radius


Atomic Radius: 160 pm
Ionic radius (1- ion): pm
Ionic radius (1+ ion): pm
Ionic radius (2- ion): pm
Ionic radius (2+ ion): 86 pm
Ionic radius (3+ ion): pm


Conductivity


Thermal conductivity: 156 J/m-sec-deg
Electrical conductivity: 224.719 1/mohm-cm
Polarizability: 10.6 A^3


Abundance


Source: Seawater, magnesite
Relative abundance solar system: 6.031 log
Abundance earth's crust: 4.4 log
Estimated crustal abundance: 2.33×104 milligrams per kilogram
Estimated oceanic abundance: 1.29×103 milligrams per liter
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 


History


(Magnesia, district in Thessaly) Compounds of magnesium have long been known. Black recognized magnesium as an element in 1755. Davy isolated it in 1808 and Bussy prepared it in coherent form in 1831. Magnesium is the eighth most abundant element in the earth's crust. It does not occur uncombined, but is found in large deposits in the form of magnesite, dolomite, and other minerals.


Sources


The metal is now principally obtained in the U.S. by electrolysis of fused magnesium chloride derived from brines, wells, and sea water.


Properties


Magnesium is a light, silvery-white, and fairly tough metal. It tarnishes slightly in air, and finely divided magnesium readily ignites upon heating in air and burns with a dazzling white flame.


Compounds


Organic magnesium is important in both plant and animal life. Chlorophylls are magnesium-centered perphyrins.

The adult daily nutritional requirement, which is affected by various factors include weight and size, is about 300 mg/day.


Uses


Uses include flashlight photography, flares, and pyrotechnics, including incendiary bombs. It is one third lighter than aluminum, and in alloys is essential for airplane and missile construction. The metal improves the mechanical, fabrication, and welding characteristics of aluminum when used as an alloying agent. Magnesium is used in producing nodular graphite in cast iron, and is used as an additive to conventional propellants.

It is also used as a reducing agent in the production of pure uranium and other metals from their salts. The hydroxide (milk of magnesia), chloride, sulfate (Epsom salts), and citrate are used in medicine. Dead-burned magnesite is employed for refractory purposes such as brick and liners in furnaces and converters.

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