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Lutetium


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Atomic symbol: Lu
Atomic number: 71
Atomic weight: 174.96
Atomic volume: 17.78 cm3/mol
Density: 9.85 g/cm3
Period Number: 6
Group number: 3
Group name: Rare Earth, Lanthanides
Element classification: Metal


States


Phase at room temperature: Solid
Melting Point: 1929.2 K
Boiling point: 3600 K
Heat of fusion: 18.60 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization: 355.90 kJ/mol


Energies


Ionization Energy: 5.426 eV
1st ionization energy: 523.6 kJ/mole
2nd ionization energy: 1340 kJ/mole
3rd ionization energy: 2022 kJ/mole
Electronegativity: 1.27
Electron affinity: 50 kJ/mole
Specific heat: 0.15 J/gK
Heat atomization: kJ/mole atoms


Oxidation & Electrons


Shells: 2,8,18,32,9,2
Electron Shell Configuration: [Xe] 4f14 5d1 6s2
Minimum oxidation number: 0
Maximum oxidation number: 3
Minimum common oxidation number: 0
Maximum common oxidation no: 3


Appearance & Characteristics


Structure:: hcp: hexagonal close pkd
Color: silvery-white
Hardness: mohs
Toxicity: ?
Characteristics: ?
Uses: alloys


Reactions


Reaction with air: vigorous, =>Lu2O3
Reaction with 6M HCl: mild, =>H2, LuCl3
Reaction with 15M HNO3: mild, =>Lu(NO3)3
Reaction with 6M NaOH: ?


Other Forms


Number of isotopes: 2
Oxide(s): Lu2O3
Hydride(s): LuH2 LuH3
Chloride(s): LuCl3


Radius


Atomic Radius: 174 pm
Ionic radius (1- ion): pm
Ionic radius (1+ ion): pm
Ionic radius (2- ion): pm
Ionic radius (2+ ion): pm
Ionic radius (3+ ion): 100.1 pm


Conductivity


Thermal conductivity: 16.4 J/m-sec-deg
Electrical conductivity: 16.7 1/mohm-cm
Polarizability: 21.9 A^3


Abundance


Source: Monazite(phosphate),bastnaesite
Relative abundance solar system: -1.435 log
Abundance earth's crust: -0.3 log
Estimated crustal abundance: 8×10-1 milligrams per kilogram
Estimated oceanic abundance: 1.5×10-7 milligrams per liter
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 


History


(Lutetia, ancient name for Paris, sometimes called cassiopeium by the Germans) In 1907, Urbain described a process by which Marignac's ytterbium (1879) could be separated into the two elements, ytterbium (neoytterbium) and lutetium. These elements were identical with "aldebaranium" and "cassiopeium," independently discovered at this time. The spelling of the element was changed from lutecium to lutetium in 1949.


Properties


Lutetium occurs in very small amounts in nearly all minerals containing yttrium, and is present in monazite to the extent of about 0.003%, which is a commercial source. The pure metal has been isolated only in recent years and is one of the most difficult to prepare. It can be prepared by the reduction of anhydrous LuCl3 or LuF3 by an alkali or alkaline earth metal. The metal is silvery white and relatively stable in air.176Lu occurs naturally (2.6%) with 175Lu (97.4%). It is radioactive with a half-life of about 3 x 1010 years.


Uses


Stable lutetium nuclides, which emit pure beta radiation after thermal neutron activation, can be used as catalysts in cracking, alkylation, hydrogenation, and polymerization. Virtually no other commercial uses have been found yet for lutetium.

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