Lawrencium

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Atomic symbol: Lr

Atomic number: 103

Atomic weight: (260)

Atomic volume: ?

Density: ?

Period Number: 7

Group number: 3

Group name: Rare Earth, Actinides

Element classification: Metal

States

Phase at room temperature: Solid

Melting Point: K

Boiling point: K

Heat of fusion: ?

Heat of vaporization: ?

Energies

Ionization Energy: Unknown

1st ionization energy: kJ/mole

2nd ionization energy: kJ/mole

3rd ionization energy: kJ/mole

Electronegativity: ?

Electron affinity: kJ/mole

Specific heat: ?

Heat atomization: kJ/mole atoms

Oxidation & Electrons

Shells: 2,8,18,32,32,9,2

Electron Shell Configuration: [Rn] 5f14 6d1 7s2

Minimum oxidation number: 0

Maximum oxidation number: 3

Minimum common oxidation number: 0

Maximum common oxidation no: 3

Appearance & Characteristics

Structure:: ?

Color: ?

Hardness: mohs

Toxicity: ?

Characteristics: Radioactive,few atms made

Uses: ?

Reactions

Reaction with air: ?

Reaction with 6M HCl: ?

Reaction with 15M HNO3: ?

Reaction with 6M NaOH: ?

Other Forms

Number of isotopes: 0

Oxide(s): ?

Hydride(s): ?

Chloride(s): ?

Radius

Atomic Radius: pm

Ionic radius (1- ion): pm

Ionic radius (1+ ion): pm

Ionic radius (2- ion): pm

Ionic radius (2+ ion): pm

Ionic radius (3+ ion): pm

Conductivity

Thermal conductivity: J/m-sec-deg

Electrical conductivity: 1/mohm-cm

Polarizability: A^3

Abundance

Source: Synthetic

Relative abundance solar system: log

Abundance earth's crust: log

Estimated crustal abundance: Not Applicable

Estimated oceanic abundance: Not Applicable

History

(Ernest O. Lawrence, inventor of the cyclotron) This member of the 5f transition elements (actinide series) was discovered in March 1961 by A. Ghiorso, T. Sikkeland, A.E. Larsh, and R.M. Latimer. A 3-Mg californium target, consisting of a mixture of isotopes of mass number 249, 250, 251, and 252, was bombarded with either ¹⁰B or ¹¹B. The electrically charged transmutation nuclei recoiled with an atmosphere of helium and were collected on a thin copper conveyor tape which was then moved to place collected atoms in front of a series of solid-state detectors. The isotope of element 103 produced in this way decayed by emitting an 8.6 MeV alpha particle with a half-life of 8 s.

In 1967, Flerov and associates at the Dubna Laboratory reported their inability to detect an alpha emitter with a half-life of 8 s which was assigned by the Berkeley group to ²⁵⁷103. This assignment has been changed to ²⁵⁸Lr or ²⁵⁹Lr.

In 1965, the Dubna workers found a longer-lived lawrencium isotope, ²⁵⁶Lr, with a half-life of 35 s. In 1968, Thiorso and associates at Berkeley used a few atoms of this isotope to study the oxidation behavior of lawrencium. Using solvent extraction techniques and working very rapidly, they extracted lawrencium ions from a buffered aqueous solution into an organic solvent -- completing each extraction in about 30 s.

Properties

Lawrencium behaves differently from dipositive nobelium and more like the tripositive elements earlier in the actinide series.

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