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| Atomic symbol: Fe |
| Atomic number: 26 |
| Atomic weight: 55.847 |
| Atomic volume: 7.1 cm3/mol |
| Density: 7.86 g/cm3 |
| Period Number: 4 |
| Group number: 8 |
| Group name: Trans. Met. |
| Element classification: Metal |
| Phase at room temperature: Solid |
| Melting Point: 1808.2 K |
| Boiling point: 3023 K |
| Heat of fusion: 13.80 kJ/mol |
| Heat of vaporization: 349.60 kJ/mol |
| Ionization Energy: 7.902 eV |
| 1st ionization energy: 759.3 kJ/mole |
| 2nd ionization energy: 1561.1 kJ/mole |
| 3rd ionization energy: 2957.3 kJ/mole |
| Electronegativity: 1.9 |
| Electron affinity: 15.7 kJ/mole |
| Specific heat: 0.44 J/gK |
| Heat atomization: 418 kJ/mole atoms |
| Shells: 2,8,14,2 |
| Electron Shell Configuration: [Ar] 3d6 4s2 |
| Minimum oxidation number: -2 |
| Maximum oxidation number: 6 |
| Minimum common oxidation number: 0 |
| Maximum common oxidation no: 3 |
Appearance & Characteristics |
| Structure:: bcc: body-centered cubic |
| Color: gray |
| Hardness: 4.5 mohs |
| Toxicity: ? |
| Characteristics: fairly soft when pure |
| Uses: steel |
| Reaction with air: mild, =>Fe3O4 |
| Reaction with 6M HCl: mild, =>H2, FeCl2 |
| Reaction with 15M HNO3: passivated |
| Reaction with 6M NaOH: ? |
| Number of isotopes: 4 |
| Oxide(s): FeO Fe3O4 Fe2O3 |
| Hydride(s): none |
| Chloride(s): FeCl2 FeCl3 |
| Atomic Radius: 126 pm |
| Ionic radius (1- ion): pm |
| Ionic radius (1+ ion): pm |
| Ionic radius (2- ion): pm |
| Ionic radius (2+ ion): 83.5 pm |
| Ionic radius (3+ ion): 73.8 pm |
| Thermal conductivity: 72.8 J/m-sec-deg |
| Electrical conductivity: 102.987 1/mohm-cm |
| Polarizability: 8.4 A^3 |
| Source: Hematite,magnetite(oxide) |
| Relative abundance solar system: 5.954 log |
| Abundance earth's crust: 4.8 log |
| Estimated crustal abundance: 5.63×104 milligrams per kilogram |
| Estimated oceanic abundance: 2×10-3 milligrams per liter |
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(Anglo-Saxon, iron; L. ferrum) Iron was used prehistorically:
- Genesis mentions that Tubal-Cain, seven generations from Adam, was "an instructor of every artificer in brass and iron."
- A remarkable iron pillar, dating to about A.D. 400, remains standing today in Delhi, India. This solid shaft of wrought iron is about 7 1/4 m high by 40 cm in diameter. Corrosion to the pillar has been minimal although it has been exposed to the weather since its creation.
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Iron is a relatively abundant element in the universe. It is found in the sun and many types of stars in considerable quantity. Its nuclei are very stable. Iron is a principal component of a meteorite class known as siderites and is a minor constituent of the other two meteorite classes. The core of the earth -- 2150 miles in radius -- is thought to be largely composed of iron with about 10 percent occluded hydrogen. The metal is the fourth most abundant element, by weight that makes up the crust of the earth.
The most common ore is hematite, which is frequently seen as black sands along beaches and banks of streams.
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The pure metal is very reactive chemically and rapidly corrodes, especially in moist air or at elevated temperatures. It has four allotropic forms or ferrites, known as alpha, beta, gamma, and omega, with transition points at 700, 928, and 1530C. The alpha form is magnetic, but when transformed into the beta form, the magnetism disappears although the lattice remains unchanged. The relations of these forms are peculiar. Pig iron is an alloy containing about 3 percent carbon with varying amounts of sulfur, silicon, manganese, and phosphorus.
Iron is hard, brittle, fairly fusible, and is used to produce other alloys, including steel. Wrought iron contains only a few tenths of a percent of carbon, is tough, malleable, less fusible, and usually has a "fibrous" structure.
Carbon steel is an alloy of iron with small amounts of Mn, S, P, and Si. Alloy steels are carbon steels with other additives such as nickel, chromium, vanadium, etc. Iron is a cheap, abundant, useful, and important metal.
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Iron is a vital constituent of plant and animal life and works as an oxygen carrier in hemoglobin.
Taconite is becoming increasingly important as a commercial ore. The pure metal is not often encountered in commerce, but is usually alloyed with carbon or other metals.
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| Common iron is a mixture of four isotopes. Ten other isotopes are known to exist. |
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