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Iodine


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Atomic symbol: I
Atomic number: 53
Atomic weight: 126.9045
Atomic volume: 25.74 cm3/mol
Density: 4.93 g/cm3
Period Number: 5
Group number: 17
Group name: Halogen
Element classification: Non-metal


States


Phase at room temperature: Solid
Melting Point: 386.7 K
Boiling point: 458.4 K
Heat of fusion: 7.824 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization: 20.752 kJ/mol


Energies


Ionization Energy: 10.451 eV
1st ionization energy: 1008.4 kJ/mole
2nd ionization energy: 1845.8 kJ/mole
3rd ionization energy: 3184 kJ/mole
Electronegativity: 2.66
Electron affinity: 295.16 kJ/mole
Specific heat: 0.214 J/gK
Heat atomization: 107 kJ/mole atoms


Oxidation & Electrons


Shells: 2,8,18,18,7
Electron Shell Configuration: [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p5
Minimum oxidation number: -1
Maximum oxidation number: 7
Minimum common oxidation number: 0
Maximum common oxidation no: 7


Appearance & Characteristics


Structure:: layers of I2
Color: bluish-black
Hardness: mohs
Toxicity: yes
Characteristics: diatomic
Uses: nutrient, antiseptic


Reactions


Reaction with air: none
Reaction with 6M HCl: none
Reaction with 15M HNO3: mild, =>HIO3
Reaction with 6M NaOH: mild, =>OI-, I-


Other Forms


Number of isotopes: 1
Oxide(s): I2O5 I4O9I2O4
Hydride(s): HI
Chloride(s): ICl ICl3


Radius


Atomic Radius: 133 pm
Ionic radius (1- ion): 206 pm
Ionic radius (1+ ion): pm
Ionic radius (2- ion): pm
Ionic radius (2+ ion): pm
Ionic radius (3+ ion): pm


Conductivity


Thermal conductivity: 0.45 J/m-sec-deg
Electrical conductivity: 0 1/mohm-cm
Polarizability: 5 A^3


Abundance


Source: Brines, Chilean nitrate (misc)
Relative abundance solar system: -0.046 log
Abundance earth's crust: -0.3 log
Estimated crustal abundance: 4.5×10-1 milligrams per kilogram
Estimated oceanic abundance: 6×10-2 milligrams per liter
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 


History


(Gr. iodes: violet) Discovered by Courtois in 1811, Iodine, a halogen, occurs sparingly in the form of iodides in sea water from which it is assimilated by seaweeds, Chilean saltpeter, nitrate-bearing earth (known as caliche), brines from old sea deposits, and in brackish waters from oil and salt wells.


Sources


Ultrapure iodine can be obtained from the reaction of potassium iodide with copper sulfate. Several other methods of isolating the element are known.


Properties


Iodine is a bluish-black, lustrous solid, volatizing at ordinary temperatures into a blue-violet gas with an irritating odor; it forms compounds with many elements, but is less active than the other halogens, which displace it from iodides. Iodine exhibits some metallic-like properties. It dissolves readily in chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, or carbon disulfide to form beautiful purple solutions. It is only slightly soluble in water.


Uses


Iodine compounds are important in organic chemistry and very useful in medicine. Iodides, and thyroxine which contains iodine, are used internally in medicine, and as a solution of KI and iodine in alcohol is used for external wounds. Potassium iodide finds use in photography. The deep blue color with starch solution is characteristic of the free element.


Isotopes


Thirty isotopes are recognized. Only one stable isotope, 127I is found in nature. The artificial radioisotope 131I, with a half-life of 8 days, has been used in treating the thyroid gland. The most common compounds are the iodides of sodium and potassium (KI) and the iodates (KIO3). Lack of iodine is the cause of goiter.

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