Holmium

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Atomic symbol: Ho

Atomic number: 67

Atomic weight: 164.9304

Atomic volume: 18.7 cm³/mol

Density: 8.80 g/cm³

Period Number: 6

Group number: none

Group name: Rare Earth, Lanthanides

Element classification: Metal

States

Phase at room temperature: Solid

Melting Point: 1743.2 K

Boiling point: 2873 K

Heat of fusion: 12.20 kJ/mol

Heat of vaporization: 241.0 kJ/mol

Energies

Ionization Energy: 6.022 eV

1st ionization energy: 580.7 kJ/mole

2nd ionization energy: 1139 kJ/mole

3rd ionization energy: 2204 kJ/mole

Electronegativity: 1.23

Electron affinity: 50 kJ/mole

Specific heat: 0.16 J/gK

Heat atomization: 301 kJ/mole atoms

Oxidation & Electrons

Shells: 2,8,18,29,8,2

Electron Shell Configuration: [Xe] 4f11 6s2

Minimum oxidation number: 0

Maximum oxidation number: 3

Minimum common oxidation number: 0

Maximum common oxidation no: 3

Appearance & Characteristics

Structure:: hcp: hexagonal close pkd

Color: silvery-white

Hardness: mohs

Toxicity: ?

Characteristics: ?

Uses: alloys

Reactions

Reaction with air: vigorous, =>Ho₂O₃

Reaction with 6M HCl: mild, =>H₂, HoCl₃

Reaction with 15M HNO3: mild, =>Ho(NO₃)₃

Reaction with 6M NaOH: ?

Other Forms

Number of isotopes: 1

Oxide(s): Ho₂O₃

Hydride(s): HoH₂ HoH₃

Chloride(s): HoCl₃

Radius

Atomic Radius: 176 pm

Ionic radius (1- ion): pm

Ionic radius (1+ ion): pm

Ionic radius (2- ion): pm

Ionic radius (2+ ion): pm

Ionic radius (3+ ion): 104.1 pm

Conductivity

Thermal conductivity: 16.2 J/m-sec-deg

Electrical conductivity: 11.4 1/mohm-cm

Polarizability: 23.6 A^3

Abundance

Source: Monazite(phosphate),bastnaesite

Relative abundance solar system: -1.051 log

Abundance earth's crust: 0.1 log

Estimated crustal abundance: 1.3 milligrams per kilogram

Estimated oceanic abundance: 2.2×10-7 milligrams per liter

History

(L. Holmia: Stockholm). The special absorption bands of holmium were noticed in 1878 by the Swiss chemists Delafontaine and Soret, who announced the existence of an "Element X." Cleve, of Sweden, later independently discovered the element while working on erbia earth. The element is named after Cleve's native city. Holmia, the yellow oxide, was prepared by Homberg in 1911. Holmium occurs in gadolinite, monazite, and in other rare-earth minerals. It is commercially obtained from monazite, occurring in that mineral to the extent of about 0.05%. It has been isolated by the reduction of its anhydrous chloride or fluoride with calcium metal.

Properties

Pure holmium has a metallic to bright silver luster. It is relatively soft and malleable, and is stable in dry air at room temperature, but rapidly oxidizes in moist air and at elevated temperatures. The metal has unusual magnetic properties. Few uses have yet been found for the element. The element, as with other rare earths, seems to have a low acute toxic rating.

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