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| Atomic symbol: Ga |
| Atomic number: 31 |
| Atomic weight: 69.723 |
| Atomic volume: 11.8 cm3/mol |
| Density: 5.907 g/cm3 |
| Period Number: 4 |
| Group number: 13 |
| Group name: Metal |
| Element classification: Metal |
| Phase at room temperature: Solid |
| Melting Point: 302.98 K |
| Boiling point: 2676 K |
| Heat of fusion: 5.590 kJ/mol |
| Heat of vaporization: 258.70 kJ/mol |
| Ionization Energy: 5.999 eV |
| 1st ionization energy: 578.8 kJ/mole |
| 2nd ionization energy: 1978.9 kJ/mole |
| 3rd ionization energy: 2963 kJ/mole |
| Electronegativity: 1.81 |
| Electron affinity: 30 kJ/mole |
| Specific heat: 0.37 J/gK |
| Heat atomization: 286 kJ/mole atoms |
| Shells: 2,8,18,3 |
| Electron Shell Configuration: [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1 |
| Minimum oxidation number: 0 |
| Maximum oxidation number: 2 |
| Minimum common oxidation number: 0 |
| Maximum common oxidation no: 3 |
Appearance & Characteristics |
| Structure:: special: complex |
| Color: silvery-blue |
| Hardness: 1.5 mohs |
| Toxicity: ? |
| Characteristics: melts near r.t.wets glass |
| Uses: photocells, transistors |
| Reaction with air: mild, =>Ga2O3 |
| Reaction with 6M HCl: mild, =>GaCl3, H2 |
| Reaction with 15M HNO3: ? |
| Reaction with 6M NaOH: mild, =>[Ga(OH)4]2-, H2 |
| Number of isotopes: 2 |
| Oxide(s): Ga2O3 |
| Hydride(s): GaH3 |
| Chloride(s): GaCl Ga2Cl6 |
| Atomic Radius: 135 pm |
| Ionic radius (1- ion): pm |
| Ionic radius (1+ ion): pm |
| Ionic radius (2- ion): pm |
| Ionic radius (2+ ion): pm |
| Ionic radius (3+ ion): 76 pm |
| Thermal conductivity: 48.3 J/m-sec-deg |
| Electrical conductivity: 57.471 1/mohm-cm |
| Polarizability: 8.1 A^3 |
| Source: Bauxite (oxide) |
| Relative abundance solar system: 1.577 log |
| Abundance earth's crust: 1.2 log |
| Estimated crustal abundance: 1.9×101 milligrams per kilogram |
| Estimated oceanic abundance: 3×10-5 milligrams per liter |
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| (L. Gallia: France; also from Latin, gallus, a translation of "Lecoq", a cock) Predicted and described by Mendeleev as ekaaluminum, and discovered spectroscopically by Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1875, who in the same year obtained the free metal by electrolysis of a solution of the hydroxide in KOH. |
| Gallium is often found as a trace element in diaspore, sphalerite, germanite, bauxite, and coal. Some flue dusts from burning coal have been shown to contain as much 1.5 percent gallium. |
It is one of four metals -- mercury , cesium , and rubidium -- which can be liquid near room temperature and, thus, can be used in high-temperature thermometers. It has one of the longest liquid ranges of any metal and has a low vapor pressure even at high temperatures.
There is a strong tendency for gallium to supercool below its freezing point. Therefore, seeding may be necessary to initiate solidification.
Ultra-pure gallium has a beautiful, silvery appearance, and the solid metal exhibits a conchoidal fracture similar to glass. The metal expands 3.1 percent on solidifying; therefore, it should not be stored in glass or metal containers, because they may break as the metal solidifies.
High-purity gallium is attacked only slowly by mineral acids.
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