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| Atomic symbol: Er |
| Atomic number: 68 |
| Atomic weight: 167.26 |
| Atomic volume: 18.4 cm3/mol |
| Density: 9.05 g/cm3 |
| Period Number: 6 |
| Group number: none |
| Group name: Rare Earth, Lanthanides |
| Element classification: Metal |
| Phase at room temperature: Solid |
| Melting Point: 1795.2 K |
| Boiling point: 3173 K |
| Heat of fusion: 19.90 kJ/mol |
| Heat of vaporization: 261.0 kJ/mol |
| Ionization Energy: 6.108 eV |
| 1st ionization energy: 588.7 kJ/mole |
| 2nd ionization energy: 1151 kJ/mole |
| 3rd ionization energy: 2194 kJ/mole |
| Electronegativity: 1.24 |
| Electron affinity: 50 kJ/mole |
| Specific heat: 0.17 J/gK |
| Heat atomization: 317 kJ/mole atoms |
| Shells: 2,8,18,30,8,2 |
| Electron Shell Configuration: [Xe] 4f12 6s2 |
| Minimum oxidation number: 0 |
| Maximum oxidation number: 3 |
| Minimum common oxidation number: 0 |
| Maximum common oxidation no: 3 |
Appearance & Characteristics |
| Structure:: hcp: hexagonal close pkd |
| Color: silvery-white |
| Hardness: mohs |
| Toxicity: ? |
| Characteristics: ? |
| Uses: alloys, photogr. filter |
| Reaction with air: vigorous, =>Er2O3 |
| Reaction with 6M HCl: mild, =>H2, ErCl3 |
| Reaction with 15M HNO3: mild, =>Er(NO3)3 |
| Reaction with 6M NaOH: ? |
| Number of isotopes: 6 |
| Oxide(s): Er2O3 |
| Hydride(s): ErH2 ErH3 |
| Chloride(s): ErCl3 |
| Atomic Radius: 176 pm |
| Ionic radius (1- ion): pm |
| Ionic radius (1+ ion): pm |
| Ionic radius (2- ion): pm |
| Ionic radius (2+ ion): pm |
| Ionic radius (3+ ion): 103 pm |
| Thermal conductivity: 14.5 J/m-sec-deg |
| Electrical conductivity: 14.1 1/mohm-cm |
| Polarizability: 22.7 A^3 |
| Source: Monazite(phosphate),bastnaesite |
| Relative abundance solar system: -0.601 log |
| Abundance earth's crust: 0.4 log |
| Estimated crustal abundance: 3.5 milligrams per kilogram |
| Estimated oceanic abundance: 8.7×10-7 milligrams per liter |
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| (Ytterby, a town in Sweden) Erbium, one of the so-called rare-earth elements on the lanthanide series, is found in the minerals mentioned under dysprosium. In 1842 Mosander separated "yttria" found in the mineral gadolinite, into three fractions which he called yttria, erbia, and terbia. The names erbia and terbia became confused in this early period. After 1860, Mosander's terbia was known as erbia, and after 1877, the earlier known erbia became terbia. The erbia of this period was later shown to consist of five oxides, now known as erbia, scandia, holmia, thulia and ytterbia. By 1905 Urbain and James independently succeeded in isolating fairly pure Er2O3. Klemm and Bommer first produced reasonably pure erbium metal in 1934 by reducing the anhydrous chloride with potassium vapor. |
| The pure metal is soft and malleable and has a bright, silvery, metallic luster. As with other rare-earth metals, its properties depend to a certain extent on the impurities present. The metal is fairly stable in air and does not oxidize as rapidly as some of the other rare-earth metals. Naturally occurring erbium is a mixture of six isotopes, all of which are stable. Nine radioactive isotopes of erbium are also recognized. Recent production techniques, using ion-exchange reactions, have resulted in much lower prices of the rare-earth metals and their compounds in recent years. Most of the rare-earth oxides have sharp absorption bands in the visible, ultraviolet, and near infrared. This property, associated with the electronic structure, gives beautiful pastel colors to many of the rare-earth salts. |
| Erbium is finding nuclear and metallurgical uses. Added to vanadium, for example, erbium lowers the hardness and improves workability. Erbium oxide gives a pink color and has been used as a colorant in glasses and porcelain enamel glazes. |
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