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Atomic symbol: Dy |
Atomic number: 66 |
Atomic weight: 162.50 |
Atomic volume: 19.0 cm3/mol |
Density: 8.536 g/cm3 |
Period Number: 6 |
Group number: none |
Group name: Rare Earth, Lanthanides |
Element classification: Metal |
Phase at room temperature: Solid |
Melting Point: 1682.2 K |
Boiling point: 2873 K |
Heat of fusion: 11.060 kJ/mol |
Heat of vaporization: 230.0 kJ/mol |
Ionization Energy: 5.939 eV |
1st ionization energy: 571.9 kJ/mole |
2nd ionization energy: 1126 kJ/mole |
3rd ionization energy: 2200 kJ/mole |
Electronegativity: 1.2 |
Electron affinity: 50 kJ/mole |
Specific heat: 0.17 J/gK |
Heat atomization: 291 kJ/mole atoms |
Shells: 2,8,18,28,8,2 |
Electron Shell Configuration: [Xe] 4f10 6s2 |
Minimum oxidation number: 0 |
Maximum oxidation number: 3 |
Minimum common oxidation number: 0 |
Maximum common oxidation no: 3 |
Appearance & Characteristics |
Structure:: hcp: hexagonal close pkd |
Color: silvery-white |
Hardness: mohs |
Toxicity: ? |
Characteristics: neutron absorber |
Uses: alloys, CD disk |
Reaction with air: vigorous, =>Dy2O3 |
Reaction with 6M HCl: mild, =>H2, DyCl3 |
Reaction with 15M HNO3: mild, =>Dy(NO3)3 |
Reaction with 6M NaOH: ? |
Number of isotopes: 7 |
Oxide(s): Dy2O3 |
Hydride(s): DyH2 DyH3 |
Chloride(s): DyCl2 DyCl3 |
Atomic Radius: 178 pm |
Ionic radius (1- ion): pm |
Ionic radius (1+ ion): pm |
Ionic radius (2- ion): pm |
Ionic radius (2+ ion): 121 pm |
Ionic radius (3+ ion): 105.2 pm |
Thermal conductivity: 10.7 J/m-sec-deg |
Electrical conductivity: 10 1/mohm-cm |
Polarizability: 24.5 A^3 |
Source: Monazite(phosphate),bastnaesite |
Relative abundance solar system: -0.404 log |
Abundance earth's crust: 0.5 log |
Estimated crustal abundance: 5.2 milligrams per kilogram |
Estimated oceanic abundance: 9.1×10-7 milligrams per liter |
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(Gr. dysprositos, hard to get at) Dysprosium was discovered in 1886 by Lecoq de Boisbaudran, but not isolated. Neither the oxide nor the metal was available in relatively pure form until 1950 , when the development of ion-exchange separation and metallographic reduction techniques were created by Spedding and associates. Dysprosium occurs along with other so-called rare-earth or lanthanide elements in a variety of minerals such as xenotime, fergusonite, gadolinite, euxenite, polycrase, and blomstrandine. The most important sources, however, are from monaziate and bastnasite. Dysprosium can be prepared by reduction of the trifluoride with calcium. |
The element has a metallic, bright silver luster. It is relatively stable in air at room temperature, and is readily attacked and dissolved by dilute and concentrated mineral acids, to evolve hydrogen . The metal is soft enough to be cut with a knife and can be machined without sparking if overheating is avoided. Small amounts of impurities can greatly affect its physical properties. |
While we have not found many applications for dysprosium, its thermal neutron absorption cross-section and high melting point suggest metallurgical uses in nuclear control applications and for alloying with special stainless steels. A dysprosium oxide-nickel cement has found use in cooling nuclear reactor rods. This cement absorbs neutrons readily without swelling or contracting under prolonged neutron bombardment. In combination with vanadium and other rare earths, dysprosium has been used in making laser materials. Dysprosium-cadmium chalcogenides, as sources of infrared radiation, have been used for studying chemical reactions. |
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