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| Atomic symbol: Cu |
| Atomic number: 29 |
| Atomic weight: 63.546 |
| Atomic volume: 7.1 cm3/mol |
| Density: 8.96 g/cm3 |
| Period Number: 4 |
| Group number: 11 |
| Group name: Trans. Met. |
| Element classification: Metal |
| Phase at room temperature: Solid |
| Melting Point: 1356.6 K |
| Boiling point: 2843 K |
| Heat of fusion: 13.050 kJ/mol |
| Heat of vaporization: 300.30 kJ/mol |
| Ionization Energy: 7.726 eV |
| 1st ionization energy: 745.4 kJ/mole |
| 2nd ionization energy: 1957.9 kJ/mole |
| 3rd ionization energy: 3553.5 kJ/mole |
| Electronegativity: 1.95 |
| Electron affinity: 118.5 kJ/mole |
| Specific heat: 0.38 J/gK |
| Heat atomization: 338 kJ/mole atoms |
| Shells: 2,8,18,1 |
| Electron Shell Configuration: [Ar] 3d10 4s1 |
| Minimum oxidation number: 0 |
| Maximum oxidation number: 4 |
| Minimum common oxidation number: 0 |
| Maximum common oxidation no: 2 |
Appearance & Characteristics |
| Structure:: fcc: face-centered cubic |
| Color: orange-red |
| Hardness: 2.75 mohs |
| Toxicity: ? |
| Characteristics: soft, ductile |
| Uses: wire, bronze, coins |
| Reaction with air: mild, w/ht =>CuO, Cu2O |
| Reaction with 6M HCl: none |
| Reaction with 15M HNO3: mild, =>Cu(NO3)2, NOx |
| Reaction with 6M NaOH: ? |
| Number of isotopes: 2 |
| Oxide(s): Cu2O CuO |
| Hydride(s): CuH |
| Chloride(s): CuCl CuCl2 |
| Atomic Radius: 128 pm |
| Ionic radius (1- ion): pm |
| Ionic radius (1+ ion): 91 pm |
| Ionic radius (2- ion): pm |
| Ionic radius (2+ ion): 87 pm |
| Ionic radius (3+ ion): 68 pm |
| Thermal conductivity: 401 J/m-sec-deg |
| Electrical conductivity: 595.8 1/mohm-cm |
| Polarizability: 6.7 A^3 |
| Source: Cu pyrite,chalcocite(sulfide) |
| Relative abundance solar system: 2.718 log |
| Abundance earth's crust: 1.7 log |
| Estimated crustal abundance: 6.0×101 milligrams per kilogram |
| Estimated oceanic abundance: 2.5×10-4 milligrams per liter |
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| (Latin cuprum , from the island of Cyprus) It is believed that copper has been mined for 5,000 years. |
Copper occasionally occurs natively, and is found in many minerals such as cuprite, malachite, azurite, chalcopyrite, and bornite.
Large copper ore deposits are found in the U.S., Chile, Zambia, Zaire, Peru, and Canada. The most important copper ores are the sulfides, the oxides, and carbonates. From these, copper is obtained by smelting, leaching, and by electrolysis.
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| Copper is reddish and takes on a bright metallic luster. It is malleable, ductile, and a good conductor of heat and electricity (second only to silver in electrical conductivity). |
The electrical industry is one of the greatest users of copper. Iron's alloys -- brass and bronze -- are very important: all American coins are copper alloys and gun metals also contain copper.
Copper has wide use as an agricultural poison and as an algaecide in water purification. Copper compounds, such as Fehling's solution, are widely used in analytical chemistry tests for sugar.
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