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Caesium


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Atomic symbol: Cs
Atomic number: 55
Atomic weight: 132.9054
Atomic volume: 71.07 cm3/mol
Density: 1.873 g/cm3
Period Number: 6
Group number: 1
Group name: Alkali Met.
Element classification: Metal


States


Phase at room temperature: Solid
Melting Point: 301.6 K
Boiling point: 978 K
Heat of fusion: 2.092 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization: 67.740 kJ/mol


Energies


Ionization Energy: 3.894 eV
1st ionization energy: 375.7 kJ/mole
2nd ionization energy: 2421.8 kJ/mole
3rd ionization energy: kJ/mole
Electronegativity: 0.79
Electron affinity: 45.506 kJ/mole
Specific heat: 0.24 J/gK
Heat atomization: 79 kJ/mole atoms


Oxidation & Electrons


Shells: 2,8,18,18,8,1
Electron Shell Configuration: [Xe] 6s1
Minimum oxidation number: 0
Maximum oxidation number: 1
Minimum common oxidation number: 0
Maximum common oxidation no: 1


Appearance & Characteristics


Structure:: bcc: body-centered cubic
Color: yellow/silvery
Hardness: 0.2 mohs
Toxicity: ?
Characteristics: softest metal
Uses: photocells, IR lamps


Reactions


Reaction with air: vigorous, =>CsO2
Reaction with 6M HCl: vigorous, =>H2, CsCl
Reaction with 15M HNO3: vigorous, =>CsNO3
Reaction with 6M NaOH: vigorous, =>H2, CsOH


Other Forms


Number of isotopes: 1
Oxide(s): Cs2O
Hydride(s): CsH
Chloride(s): CsCl


Radius


Atomic Radius: 265 pm
Ionic radius (1- ion): pm
Ionic radius (1+ ion): 181 pm
Ionic radius (2- ion): pm
Ionic radius (2+ ion): pm
Ionic radius (3+ ion): pm


Conductivity


Thermal conductivity: 35.9 J/m-sec-deg
Electrical conductivity: 48.9 1/mohm-cm
Polarizability: 59.6 A^3


Abundance


Source: Li extractn by-product
Relative abundance solar system: -0.429 log
Abundance earth's crust: 0 log
Estimated crustal abundance: 3 milligrams per kilogram
Estimated oceanic abundance: 3×10-4 milligrams per liter
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 


History


(L. caesius: sky blue) Cesium was discovered spectroscopically in 1860 by Bunsen and Kirchhoff in mineral water from Durkheim.


Sources


Cesium, an alkali metal, occurs in lepidolite, pollucte (a hydrated silicate of aluminum and cesium), and in other sources. One of the world's richest sources of cesium is located at Bernic Lake, Manitoba. The deposits are estimated to contain 300,000 tons of pollucite, averaging 20% cesium.

It can be isolated by elecytrolysis of the fused cyanide and by a number of other methods. Very pure, gas-free cesium can be prepared by thermal decomposition of cesium azide.


Properties


The metal is characterized by a spectrum containing two bright lines in the blue along with several others in the red, yellow, and green wavelengths. It is silvery white, soft, and ductile. It is the most electropositive and most alkaline element.

Cesium, gallium, and mercury are the only three metals that are liquid at room temperature. Cesium reacts explosively with cold water, and reacts with ice at temperatures above -116C. Cesium hydroxide, the strongest base known, attacks glass.


Uses


Because of it has great affinity for oxygen, the metal is used as a "getter" in electron tubes. It is also used in photoelectric cells, as well as a catalyst in the hydrogenation of certain organic compounds.

The metal has recently found application in ion propulsion systems. Cesium is used in atomic clocks, which are accurate to 5 s in 300 years. Its chief compounds are the chloride and the nitrate.


Isotopes


Cesium has more isotopes than any element--32--with masses ranging from 114 to 145.

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