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Cadmium


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Atomic symbol: Cd
Atomic number: 48
Atomic weight: 112.41
Atomic volume: 13.1 cm3/mol
Density: 8.65 g/cm3
Period Number: 5
Group number: 12
Group name: Trans. Met.
Element classification: Metal


States


Phase at room temperature: Solid
Melting Point: 594.1 K
Boiling point: 1038 K
Heat of fusion: 6.192 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization: 99.570 kJ/mol


Energies


Ionization Energy: 8.994 eV
1st ionization energy: 867.7 kJ/mole
2nd ionization energy: 1631.4 kJ/mole
3rd ionization energy: 3616.2 kJ/mole
Electronegativity: 1.69
Electron affinity: kJ/mole
Specific heat: 0.23 J/gK
Heat atomization: 112 kJ/mole atoms


Oxidation & Electrons


Shells: 2,8,18,18,2
Electron Shell Configuration: [Kr] 4d10 5s2
Minimum oxidation number: 0
Maximum oxidation number: 2
Minimum common oxidation number: 0
Maximum common oxidation no: 2


Appearance & Characteristics


Structure:: distorted hcp structure
Color: bluish-white
Hardness: 2 mohs
Toxicity: ?
Characteristics: soft
Uses: battery,yel. pigment(CdS)


Reactions


Reaction with air: mild, w/ht =>CdO
Reaction with 6M HCl: mild, =>H2, Cd(Cl)2
Reaction with 15M HNO3: mild, =>Cd(NO3)2, NOx
Reaction with 6M NaOH: none


Other Forms


Number of isotopes: 8
Oxide(s): CdO
Hydride(s): ?
Chloride(s): CdCl2


Radius


Atomic Radius: 151 pm
Ionic radius (1- ion): pm
Ionic radius (1+ ion): pm
Ionic radius (2- ion): pm
Ionic radius (2+ ion): 109 pm
Ionic radius (3+ ion): pm


Conductivity


Thermal conductivity: 96.9 J/m-sec-deg
Electrical conductivity: 146.413 1/mohm-cm
Polarizability: 7.2 A^3


Abundance


Source: Sphalerite (sulfide)
Relative abundance solar system: 0.207 log
Abundance earth's crust: -0.7 log
Estimated crustal abundance: 1.5×10-1 milligrams per kilogram
Estimated oceanic abundance: 1.1×10-4 milligrams per liter
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 


History


(L. cadmia; Gr. kadmeia - ancient name for calamine, zinc carbonate) Discovered by Stromeyer in 1817 from an impurity in zinc carbonate. Cadmium most often occurs in small quantities associated with zinc ores, such as sphalerite (ZnS). Greenockite (CdS) is the only mineral of any consequence bearing cadmium. Almost all cadmium is obtained as a by-product in the treatment of zinc, copper, and lead ores. It is a soft, bluish-white metal which is easily cut with a knife. It is similar in many respects to zinc. In 1927 the International Conference on Weights and Measures redefined the meter in terms of the wavelength of the red cadmium spectral line (i.e. 1m = 1.553,164.13 wavelengths). This definition has been changed (see Krypton).


Uses


Cadmium is a component of some of the lowest melting alloys; it is used in bearing alloys with low coefficients of friction and great resistance to fatigue; it is used extensively in electroplating, which accounts for about 60% of its use. It is also used in many types of solder, for standard E.M.F. cells, for Ni-Cd batteries, and as a barrier to control nuclear fission. Cadmium compounds are used in black and white television phosphors and in blue and green phosphors for color TV tubes. It forms a number of salts, of which the sulfate is most common; the sulfide is used as a yellow pigment. Cadmium and solutions of its compounds are toxic.

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